Prevalence and factors associated with risky sexual behavior among Brazilian school adolescents. / Prevalência e fatores associados ao comportamento sexual de risco de adolescentes escolares brasileiros.

This article evaluated the prevalence and factors associated with risky sexual behavior (RSB) among Brazilian school adolescents. This is a cross-sectional study with data collected from the National Survey of School Health, 2019 edition, with a representative sample of 7th grade of elementary school to 3rd year of high school Brazilian school adolescents. This work evaluated sociodemographic, behavioral, sexual and reproductive health, mental health, sociability characteristics, medical advice received at school, and body image. RSB was characterized as the non-use of a condom during sexual intercourse. The data were analyzed using hierarchical Poisson regression modeling. The prevalence of RSB was of 40.3%, with the lowest proportion appearing in the North region (37.4%). The highest prevalence of RSB was found among female adolescents, whose first sexual intercourse occurred at 13 years of age or under, who were victims of sexual violence, who practiced bullying, and who used illicit drugs, cigarettes, and alcohol. Those who used a condom during their first sexual intercourse showed the lowest prevalence of RSB. The high prevalence of RSB among Brazilian school adolescents, together with the knowledge of the associated factors, serves to define strategies to favor improvements in the sexual and reproductive health of these young people.

O artigo avaliou a prevalência e fatores associados ao comportamento sexual de risco (CSR) de adolescentes escolares do Brasil. Trata-se de estudo transversal com dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar, 2019, com amostra representativa de adolescentes escolares brasileiros do 9º ano do ensino fundamental. Foram avaliadas características sociodemográficas, comportamentais, de saúde sexual e reprodutiva, de saúde mental e de sociabilidade, orientações recebidas na escola e autoimagem corporal. Caracterizou-se o CSR como o não uso de preservativo na última relação sexual. Os dados foram analisados por modelo hierarquizado com regressão robusta de Poisson. A prevalência de CSR foi de 40,3%, com menor proporção na região Norte (37,4%). Houve maior prevalência do CSR entre adolescentes do sexo feminino, cuja primeira relação sexual ocorreu com 13 anos ou menos, que foram vítimas de violência sexual, que praticaram bullying e que usaram drogas ilícitas, cigarro e álcool. Aqueles que usaram preservativo na primeira relação sexual apresentaram menor prevalência de CSR. A alta prevalência de CSR entre adolescentes escolares no Brasil, aliada ao conhecimento dos fatores associados, deve propiciar o estabelecimento de estratégias para favorecer a melhoria na saúde sexual e reprodutiva desses jovens.

Prevalência e fatores associados ao comportamento sexual de risco de adolescentes escolares brasileiros / Prevalence and factors associated with risky sexual behavior among Brazilian school adolescents

Resumo O artigo avaliou a prevalência e fatores associados ao comportamento sexual de risco (CSR) de adolescentes escolares do Brasil. Trata-se de estudo transversal com dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar, 2019, com amostra representativa de adolescentes escolares brasileiros do 9º ano do ensino fundamental. Foram avaliadas características sociodemográficas, comportamentais, de saúde sexual e reprodutiva, de saúde mental e de sociabilidade, orientações recebidas na escola e autoimagem corporal. Caracterizou-se o CSR como o não uso de preservativo na última relação sexual. Os dados foram analisados por modelo hierarquizado com regressão robusta de Poisson. A prevalência de CSR foi de 40,3%, com menor proporção na região Norte (37,4%). Houve maior prevalência do CSR entre adolescentes do sexo feminino, cuja primeira relação sexual ocorreu com 13 anos ou menos, que foram vítimas de violência sexual, que praticaram bullying e que usaram drogas ilícitas, cigarro e álcool. Aqueles que usaram preservativo na primeira relação sexual apresentaram menor prevalência de CSR. A alta prevalência de CSR entre adolescentes escolares no Brasil, aliada ao conhecimento dos fatores associados, deve propiciar o estabelecimento de estratégias para favorecer a melhoria na saúde sexual e reprodutiva desses jovens.

Abstract This article evaluated the prevalence and factors associated with risky sexual behavior (RSB) among Brazilian school adolescents. This is a cross-sectional study with data collected from the National Survey of School Health, 2019 edition, with a representative sample of 7th grade of elementary school to 3rd year of high school Brazilian school adolescents. This work evaluated sociodemographic, behavioral, sexual and reproductive health, mental health, sociability characteristics, medical advice received at school, and body image. RSB was characterized as the non-use of a condom during sexual intercourse. The data were analyzed using hierarchical Poisson regression modeling. The prevalence of RSB was of 40.3%, with the lowest proportion appearing in the North region (37.4%). The highest prevalence of RSB was found among female adolescents, whose first sexual intercourse occurred at 13 years of age or under, who were victims of sexual violence, who practiced bullying, and who used illicit drugs, cigarettes, and alcohol. Those who used a condom during their first sexual intercourse showed the lowest prevalence of RSB. The high prevalence of RSB among Brazilian school adolescents, together with the knowledge of the associated factors, serves to define strategies to favor improvements in the sexual and reproductive health of these young people.

Prevalence of sexual initiation and associated factors in school adolescents in Piauí, Brazil, 2015.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze prevalence of sexual initiation and associated factors in adolescents in Piauí. METHODS: this was a cross-sectional study, with secondary data from the 2015 National Adolescent School-based Health Survey. Hierarchical analysis was performed using robust Poisson regression. RESULTS: a total of 3.872 adolescents were interviewed. Prevalence of sexual initiation was 24.2%; risk factors for sexual initiation were being male [prevalence ratio (PR) = 2.18; 95% confidence interval (95%CI) 1.90;2.47], being 15 years old or over (PR = 2.49; 95%CI 2.18;2.76), living with mother (PR = 0.68; 95%CI 0.54;0.82), working (PR = 1.82; 95%CI 1.55;2.10), attending a public school (PR = 1.39; 95%CI 1.09;1.75), practicing bullying (PR = 1.50; 95%CI 1.31;1.72), using alcohol (PR = 2.35; 95%CI 2.09;2.64), using cigarettes (PR = 1.46; 95%CI 1.22;1.70) and using illicit drugs (PR = 1.40; 95%CI 1.15;1.66). CONCLUSION: prevalence of sexual initiation was high and associated with sociodemographic characteristics and vulnerable health behaviors, indicating the need for health promotion strategies.

Prevalence and associated factors of sexual initiation in school adolescents in Piauí, 2015 / Prevalência y factores asociados a la iniciación sexual en adolescentes escolares de Piauí, 2015 / Prevalência e fatores associados à iniciação sexual em adolescentes escolares do Piauí, 2015

Objective: to analyze prevalence and factors associated with sexual initiation in adolescent in Piauí. Methods: cross-sectional study, with secondary data from the National Adolescent Health Survey, 2015. A hierarchical analysis was performed using robust Poisson regression. Results: there was prevalence of sexual initiation of 24.2%, being associated with male [prevalence ratio (PR) = 2.11; 95% confidence interval (95%CI) 1.77;2.35)], be 15 years old or over (PR = 2.70; 95%CI 2.21;3.01), live with mother (PR = 0.69; 95%CI 0.54;0.80), work (PR = 1.88; 95%CI 1.61;1.2.12), study in public school (PR = 1.33; 95%CI 1.10;1.79), practicing bullying (PR = 1.51; 95%CI 1.32;1.70), using alcohol (PR = 2.39; 95%CI 2.11;2.67), using cigarettes (PR = 1.44; 95%CI 1.20;1.66) and using illicit drugs (PR = 1.41; 95%CI 1.11;1.68). Conclusion: the prevalence of sexual initiation was high and associated with vulnerable health behaviors and sociodemographic characteristics, indicating strategies for health promotion.

Objetivo: analizar prevalencia y factores asociados a la iniciación sexual de adolescentes en Piauí. Métodos: estudio transversal, con datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Adolescente, 2015. Se realizó análisis jerárquico mediante regresión robusta de Poisson. Resultados: hubo prevalencia de iniciación sexual del 24,2%, estando asociada con ser hombre (RP = 2,11; IC95% 1,77;2,35), tener 15 años o más (RP = 2,70; IC95% 2,21;3,01), vivir con la madre (RP = 0,69; IC95% 0,54;0,80), trabajar (RP = 1,88; IC95% 1,61;2,12), estudiar en escuela pública (RP = 1,33; IC95% 1,10;1,79), practicar bullying (RP = 1,51; IC95% 1,32;1,70), consumir alcohol (RP = 2,39;IC95% 2,11;2,67), consumir cigarrillos (RP = 1,44; IC95% 1,20;1,66) y consumir drogas ilícitas (RP = 1,41; IC95% 1,11;1,68). Conclusión: la prevalencia de iniciación sexual fue alta y se asoció con comportamientos vulnerables a la salud y características sociodemográficas, indicando estrategias para de promoción de la salud.

Objetivo: analisar prevalência e fatores associados à iniciação sexual de adolescentes do Piauí. Métodos: estudo transversal, com dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar, 2015. Realizou-se análise hierarquizada por regressão de Poisson. Resultados: foram entrevistados 3.872 adolescentes. A prevalência de iniciação sexual foi de 24,2%; sexo masculino [razão de prevalência (RP) = 2,11; intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%) 1,77;2,35], idade > 15 anos (RP= 2,70; IC95% 2,21;3,01), morar com a mãe (RP = 0,69; IC95% 0,54;0,80), trabalhar (RP = 1,88; IC95% 1,61;2,12), estudar em escola pública (RP = 1,33; IC95% 1,10;1,79), praticar bullying (RP = 1,51; IC95% 1,32;1,70), usar álcool (RP = 2,39; IC95% 2,11;2,67), cigarro (RP = 1,44; IC95% 1,20;1,66) e drogas ilícitas (RP = 1,41; IC95% 1,11;1,68) foram fatores de risco para o evento. Conclusão: a prevalência de iniciação sexual foi alta e associada a características sociodemográficas e comportamentos vulneráveis à saúde, demandando estratégias de promoção de saúde.

Violência sexual contra mulheres estudantes em escolas médicas / Sexual violence against female students in medical schools

Resumo: Introdução: No mundo todo, a violência sexual é um evento prevalente contra mulheres estudantes de Medicina. A exposição ao toque, o contato físico e as incitações sexuais inoportunas podem ocorrer em vários ambientes da educação e da prática médica. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a violência sexual contra mulheres estudantes em escolas médicas. Método: Trata-se de estudo transversal realizado com 211 alunas de oito escolas médicas do Piauí, entrevistadas entre maio e novembro de 2021. Utilizou-se questionário on-line com perguntas sobre características sociodemográficas, informações da instituição e do curso, e aspectos relacionados à violência sexual no âmbito universitário. Realizou-se análise multivariada por regressão logística múltipla, com cálculo de odds ratios ajustadas (ORaj) e intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%). Resultado: Mais da metade (55%) das estudantes relatou algum tipo de violência sexual durante o curso de Medicina, mais frequentemente como evento único (69,3%). Comentários sexistas ou sexualmente degradantes (87,8%), ocorridos em ambientes de prática (55,3%), no primeiro e segundo anos do curso (65,8%) e em disciplinas do ciclo básico (63,0%) foram mais frequentes. O perfil majoritário dos agressores é representado por homens (99,0%), com mais de 40 anos (60,4%) e professores (59,3%). A violência sexual resultou em sofrimento emocional (47,3%) e queda da produtividade/qualidade do estudo (25%), porém a maioria não realizou denúncia (92,9%). Houve maior chance de violência sexual contra estudantes que se autodeclararam bissexuais (ORaj =3,87; IC95% 1,20-12,48) e de instituições de ensino públicas (ORaj = 3,12; IC95% 1,67-5,82). Conclusão: A prevalência de violência sexual durante o ensino médico foi elevada, revelada principalmente sob a forma de assédio sexual. Orientação sexual e características da instituição de ensino se associaram com a violência sexual. Os achados estimulam ações para prevenir e mitigar essa grave questão durante o ensino médico.

Abstract: Introduction: Sexual violence is a prevalent event against female medical students around the world. Exposure to touch, physical contact, and unwelcome sexual incitements can occur in a variety of educational and medical practice settings. Objective: To analyze sexual violence against female students in medical schools. Method: Cross-sectional study with 211 students from 8 medical schools in Piauí, interviewed between May and November 2021. An online questionnaire was used with questions about sociodemographic characteristics, information about the institution and the course, and aspects related to sexual violence at the university level. Multivariate analysis was performed using multiple logistic regression, with calculation of adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Result: More than half (55.0%) of the students reported some type of sexual violence during the medical course, more often as a single event (69.3%). Sexist or sexually degrading comments (87.8%), occurring in practice environments (55.3%), in the 1st and 2nd years of the course (65.8%) and in basic cycle subjects (63.0%) were more frequently. The profile of the majority of aggressors is represented by men (99.0%), over 40 years old (60.4%) and teachers (59.3%). Sexual violence resulted in emotional distress (47.3%) and reduced productivity/quality of study (25%), but the majority failed to report it (92.9%). There was a greater chance of sexual violence against students who self-reported as bisexual (AOR=3.87; 95%CI 1.20-12.48) and at public educational institutions (AOR=3.12; 95%CI 1.67-5.82). Conclusion: The prevalence of sexual violence during medical education was high, mainly revealed in the form of sexual harassment. Sexual orientation and educational institution characteristics were associated with sexual violence. The findings stimulate actions to prevent and mitigate this serious issue during medical education.

Prevalência e fatores associados à iniciação sexual em adolescentes escolares do Piauí, 2015 / Prevalência y factores asociados a la iniciación sexual en adolescentes escolares de Piauí, Brasil, 2015 / Prevalence of sexual initiation and associated factors in school adolescents in Piauí, Brazil, 2015

Objective: to analyze prevalence of sexual initiation and associated factors in adolescents in Piauí. Methods: this was a cross-sectional study, with secondary data from the 2015 National Adolescent School-based Health Survey. Hierarchical analysis was performed using robust Poisson regression. Results: a total of 3.872 adolescents were interviewed. Prevalence of sexual initiation was 24.2%; risk factors for sexual initiation were being male [prevalence ratio (PR) = 2.18; 95% confidence interval (95%CI) 1.90;2.47], being 15 years old or over (PR = 2.49; 95%CI 2.18;2.76), living with mother (PR = 0.68; 95%CI 0.54;0.82), working (PR = 1.82; 95%CI 1.55;2.10), attending a public school (PR = 1.39; 95%CI 1.09;1.75), practicing bullying (PR = 1.50; 95%CI 1.31;1.72), using alcohol (PR = 2.35; 95%CI 2.09;2.64), using cigarettes (PR = 1.46; 95%CI 1.22;1.70) and using illicit drugs (PR = 1.40; 95%CI 1.15;1.66). Conclusion: prevalence of sexual initiation was high and associated with sociodemographic characteristics and vulnerable health behaviors, indicating the need for health promotion strategies.

Objetivo: analizar prevalencia y factores asociados a la iniciación sexual de adolescentes en Piauí. Métodos: estudio transversal, con datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Adolescente, 2015. Se realizó análisis jerárquico mediante regresión robusta de Poisson. Resultados: han sido entrevistados 3.872 adolescentes. Hubo prevalencia de iniciación sexual del 24,2%, estando asociada con ser hombre (RP = 2,18; IC95% 1,90;2,47), tener 15 años o más (RP = 2.49; IC95% 2,18;2,76), vivir con la madre (RP = 0,68; IC95% 0,54;0,82), trabajar (RP = 1.82; IC95% 1,55;2,10), estudiar en escuela pública (RP = 1,39; IC95% 1,09;1,75), practicar bullying (RP = 1,50; IC95% 1,31;1,72), consumir alcohol (RP = 2.35; IC95% 2,09;2,64), consumir cigarrillos (RP = 1,46; IC95% 1,22;1,70) y consumir drogas ilícitas (RP = 1,40; IC95% 1,15;1,66). Conclusión: la prevalencia de iniciación sexual fue alta y se asoció con comportamientos vulnerables a la salud y características sociodemográficas, indicando estrategias para de promoción de la salud.

Objetivo: analisar prevalência e fatores associados à iniciação sexual de adolescentes do Piauí. Métodos: estudo transversal, com dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar, 2015. Realizou-se análise hierarquizada por regressão de Poisson. Resultados: foram entrevistados 3.872 adolescentes. A prevalência de iniciação sexual foi de 24,2%; sexo masculino [razão de prevalência (RP) = 2,18; intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%) 1,90;2,47], idade ≥ 15 anos (RP = 2,49; IC95% 2,18;2,76), morar com a mãe (RP = 0,68; IC95% 0,54;0,82), trabalhar (RP = 1,82; IC95% 1,55;2,10). estudar em escola pública (RP = 1,39; IC95% 1,09;1,75), praticar bullying (RP = 1,50; IC95% 1,31;1,72), usar álcool (RP = 2,35; IC95% 2,09;2,64), cigarro (RP = 1,46; IC95% 1,22;1,70) e drogas ilícitas (RP = 1,40; IC95% 1,15;1,66) foram fatores de risco para o evento. Conclusão: a prevalência de iniciação sexual foi alta e associada a características sociodemográficas e comportamentos vulneráveis à saúde, demandando estratégias de promoção de saúde.

Cobertura e fatores associados à não realização do exame citopatológico do colo do útero entre mulheres brasileiras de 18 a 39 anos / Pap test coverage and factors associated with non-performing among Brazilian women aged 18-39

Objetivos: avaliar a cobertura e os fatores associados à não realização do exame citopatológico do colo do útero entre mulheres de 18 a 39 anos no Brasil. Métodos: estudo transversal, de base populacional, com dados de inquérito domiciliar com 2.002 mulheres alfabetizadas de áreas urbanas, selecionadas por amostragem aleatória por conglomerados em 2016. Foram avaliados a prática do exame nos três anos anteriores e os fatores associados à não realização, com cálculo de razão de prevalência ajustada (RPaj) e intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) por regressão de Poisson. Resultados: a cobertura do exame entre mulheres de 18-39 anos foi de 66,5%, sendo mais elevada naquelas de 35-39 anos (76,8%). Mulheres com renda familiar até 1 salário-mínimo (RPaj=2,08;IC95% 1,72-2,54), que estudaram até a 4a série (RPaj=2,30;IC95% 1,22-2,67), residentes na região Nordeste (RPaj=1,79;IC95% 1,34-2,09) e em municípios com até 20.000 habitantes (RPaj=3,15;IC95% 2,33-3,96) apresentaram maior prevalência de não realização do exame. Conclusão: a cobertura do exame citopatológico esteve abaixo do recomendado, com disparidades socioeconômicas e geográficas. Os dados sugerem necessidade de oportunizar o rastreamento entre mulheres jovens de maior risco para o câncer do colo do útero.

Objectives: to evaluate the coverage and factors associated with non-performing Pap smear test among women aged 18-39 years in Brazil. Methods: cross-sectional, population-based study with household survey data with 2,002 literate women from urban areas, selected by random sampling by clusters in 2016. The practice of Pap test in the previous three years and associated factors with non-participation were evaluated, with calculation of adjusted prevalence ratio (PRad) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) by Poisson regression. Results: coverage of Pap tests among women 18-39 years was 66.5%, being higher in those aged 35-39 years (76.8%). Women with a family income up to 01 minimum wage (PRad=2.08; 95%CI 1.72-2.54), who studied up to 4th grade (PRad=2.30; 95%CI 1.22-2.67) and residents in the Northeast region (PRad=1.79; 95%CI 1.34-2.09) and in municipalities up to 20,000 inhabitants (PRad=3.15; 95%CI 2.33-3.96) had a higher prevalence of non-participation in screening. Conclusions: the coverage of the Pap smear test was below recommended, with socioeconomic and geographical disparities. The data suggest the need to provide screening among young women at higher risk for cervical cancer.

Female homicides in the state of Maranhão, Brazil, 2000-2019: an ecological study. / Homicídios femininos no Maranhão, Brasil, 2000-2019: estudo ecológico.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the profile and temporal trends of female homicides in Maranhão, Brazil, between 2000 and 2019. METHODS: This was an ecological study using data from the Mortality Information System. The profile of the deaths, mortality rate trends (joinpoint method) and correlation with socioeconomic and health indicators (Pearson correlation) were evaluated. RESULTS: 1,915 female homicides were reported, with predominance among those between 20-29 years old (29.9%), single (62.0%), with 4-7 years schooling (29.7%), mixed race (71.3%), homicides at home (31.9%) and by firearms (41.1%). The mortality rate showed a rising trend (APC = +8.21; 95%CI 5.18;10.28). There was negative correlation between homicides and per capita income (p-value = 0.031) and positive correlation with the proportion of families headed by women (p-value = 0.001) and with the rate of male mortality due to assault (p-value = 0.001). CONCLUSION: There was an increase in female homicides, related to structural violence in society, poverty and women with greater family authority.

Homicides of women in the state of Maranhão, Brazil, 2000-2019: ecological study / Homicidios de mujeres en el estado de Maranhão, Brasil, 2000-2019: estudio ecológico / Homicídios de mulheres no Maranhão, 2000-2019: estudo ecológico

Objective: To analyze female homicides in Maranhão between 2000-2019. Methods: Ecological study, with data from the Mortality Information System. The profile of deaths, trend of mortality rates (Joinpoint method) and correlation with socioeconomic, and health indicators (Pearson correlation) were evaluated. Results: 1,915 female homicides were reported, with a predominance between 20-29 years old (29.9%), single (62.0%), with 4-7 years of study (29.7%), brown (71.3%), occurred at home (31.9%) and by firearm (41.1%). The trend of mortality rates was increasing (APC = +8.21 ­ 95%CI 5.18;10.28). There was negative correlation between homicides and per capita income (p-value = 0.031) and a positive correlation with proportion of families headed by women (p-value = 0.001) and male mortality rate due to aggression (p-value = 0.001). Conclusion: There was an increase in female homicides, related to structural violence in society, poverty and women with greater family authority.

Objetivo: Analizar homicidios de mujeres en Maranhão entre 2000-2019. Métodos: Estudio ecológico, con datos del Sistema de Información de Mortalidad. Se evaluó el perfil de muertes, la tendencia de las tasas de mortalidad (método Joinpoint) y la correlación con indicadores socioeconómicos y de salud (correlación de Pearson). Resultados: Ocurrió 1.915 homicidios de mujeres, con predominio entre 20-29 años (29,9%), solteras (62,0%), con 4-7 años de estudio (29,7%), morenas (71,3%), en casa (31,9%) y por arma de fuego (41,1%). Tendencia de las tasas de mortalidad fue creciente (VPA = +8,21; IC95% 5,18;10,28). Hubo correlación negativa entre homicidios y ingreso per capita (p-valor = 0,031) y correlación positiva con proporción de familias encabezadas por mujeres (p-valor = 0,001) y tasa de mortalidad masculina por agresión (p-valor = 0,001). Conclusión: Hubo aumento de los homicidios de mujeres, relacionado con violencia estructural en la sociedad, pobreza y mujeres con mayor autoridad familiar.

Objetivo: Analisar o perfil e tendência temporal dos homicídios femininos no Maranhão, Brasil, em 2000-2019. Métodos: Estudo ecológico, com dados do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade. Foram avaliados o perfil dos óbitos, tendência das taxas de mortalidade (método: joinpoint) e correlação com indicadores socioeconômicos e de saúde (correlação de Pearson). Resultados: Foram notificados 1.915 homicídios femininos, predominando a idade de 20-29 anos (29,9%), solteiras (62,0%), 4-7 anos de estudo (29,7%), raça/cor da pele parda (71,3%), no domicílio (31,9%), por arma de fogo (41,1%). A tendência das taxas de mortalidade foi crescente (VPA = +8,21 ­ IC95% 5,18;10,28). Observou-se correlação negativa dos homicídios com renda per capita (p-valor = 0,031), e positiva com proporção de famílias chefiadas por mulheres (p-valor = 0,001) e taxa de mortalidade masculina por agressão (p-valor = 0,001). Conclusão: Houve crescimento dos homicídios femininos, relacionados com violência estrutural na sociedade, pobreza e mulheres com maior autoridade familiar.

Disrespect and abuse during childbirth in maternity hospitals in Piauí, Brazil: A cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence and associated factors of disrespect and abuse during childbirth in Piauí, Brazil. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed with 698 postpartum women in 21 maternity hospitals in 14 municipalities between August 2018 and September 2019. Face-to-face interviews were performed at least 6 h after birth, with an assessment of disrespect and abuse during childbirth. Robust Poisson regression was used, with calculation of the adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). RESULTS: There was evidence that 19.8% of women experienced at least one type of disrespect and abuse during childbirth, with verbal abuse (12.6%), noncompliance with professional standards (11.6%), and health service restrictions being more common (8.3%). There was an association of disrespect and abuse during childbirth with women aged 10 to 19 years (aPR, 1.97; 95% CI, 1.58-2.44), absence of companions (aPR, 2.43; 95% CI, 1.85-2.89), cesarean sections after labor (aPR, 2.19; 95% CI, 1.64-3.59), public hospitals (aPR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.42-2.85), and in the countryside (aPR, 2.29; 95% CI, 1.81-3.98). CONCLUSION: There was a high prevalence of disrespect and abuse during childbirth in Piauí, Brazil, associated with structural conditions of the services, care practices, and characteristics of women.

Analysis of the structural adequacy of maternity hospitals in Piauí, Brazil, 2018-2019 / Análise da adequação estrutural das maternidades do Piauí, Brasil, 2018-2019

Abstract Objectives: to evaluate the structure and adequacy of maternal healthcare facilities in Piauí. Methods: cross-sectional study in 26 hospitals with more than 200 births/year between 2018-2019. The structure was assessed by direct observation and interview with manager, in four domains: physical aspects, human resources, equipment, and drugs. Fisher's chi-square/exact tests were used to assess differences in adequacy of structure. Results: only 46.2% of the maternal healthcare facilities had pre-delivery, parturition and immediate post-partum room. Pediatricians (73.1%) and anesthesiologists (61.5%) were the least present professionals on-duty regime. Regarding drugs, magnesium sulfate and oxytocin were observed in 76.9% of hospitals. Overall adequacy was 23.1%, being higher in maternal healthcare facilities in the capital (p=0.034) and in private ones (p=0.031). Conclusions: Data show inequalities in the structure of maternity hospitals of the state. The absence of health professionals, essential drugs, and appropriate physical structure can expose women and newborns to unnecessary and avoidable risks.

Resumo Objetivos: avaliar a estrutura e adequação das maternidades do Piauí. Métodos: estudo transversal em 26 hospitais com mais de 200 partos/ano entre 2018 e 2019. A estrutura foi avaliada por observação direta e entrevista com gestor, em quatro domínios: aspectos físicos, recursos humanos, equipamentos e medicamentos. Foram empregados os testes do quiquadrado/exato de Fisher para avaliar diferenças na adequação da estrutura. Resultados: apenas 46,2% das maternidades tinham quarto pré-parto, parto e puerpério. Pediatras (73,1%) e anestesistas (61,5%) foram os profissionais menos presentes em regime de plantão. Dos medicamentes, sulfato de magnésio e ocitocina foram observados em 76,9% dos hospitais. A adequação global foi de 23,1%, sendo maior em maternidades da capital (p=0,034) e privadas (p=0,031) Conclusões: os dados exibem desigualdades na estrutura das maternidades do estado. A ausência de profissionais de saúde, medicamentos essenciais e estrutura física apropriada pode expor mulheres e recém-nascidos a riscos desnecessários e evitáveis.

Experiences of Violence Against Lesbian and Bisexual Women in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Lesbophobia and biphobia are manifestations of homophobic violence directed at lesbian and bisexual women that results in daily violation of rights and social exclusion. AIM: To describe experiences of the violence against lesbian and bisexual women in Brazil. METHODS: Sequential mixed methods study was carried out in 2 stages. In the first one, quantitative, an electronic questionnaire was applied to women from all regions, with questions about sociodemographic characteristics, self-identification and lesbophobic and biphobic events. In the second one, qualitative, lesbian, and bisexual women were interviewed face to face about the violence suffered. OUTCOMES: The chi-square test was applied to compare violence against lesbian and bisexual women (type of violence, place of aggression, gender and age range of the aggressor, bond with the aggressor, repetition of violence, and denunciation of violence) and the content analysis for qualitative data (main categories of analysis were events of violence, denunciation, and consequences of violence). RESULTS: The report of violence was present in 65% of the answers. There was a predominance of psychological violence (39.8%), in the public environment (63%), practiced by men (73.2%), by strangers (66.2%) and repeatedly (82%). Lesbian women, compared to bisexuals, were more prone to violence in the public environment (59.5% vs 39.5%) and with repetition (84.3% vs 60.6%). The narratives explained intimidating experiences in the family environment (insults, threat of suicide or homicide and false imprisonment) and public (harassment, beatings, and rape). Discriminatory attitudes, insults, and refusal of service in restaurants and bars were recurrent. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: The data provide information that can serve to improve policy initiatives to reduce these episodes. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS: This is the first study of mixed methods, with national coverage, on lesbophobia and biphobia events in Brazil. Future studies should include women underrepresented in this research as trans women, non-white, less educated, and from the most distant regions of the country. CONCLUSION: Lesbophobic or biphobic event has harmful repercussions for multiple aspects of these women's lives, including mental health. Rufino AC, Filho CEWBdeC, Madeiro A. Experiences of Violence Against Lesbian and Bisexual Women in Brazil. Sex Med 2022;10:100479.

Homicídios femininos no Maranhão, Brasil, 2000-2019: estudo ecológico / Homicidios de mujeres en el estado de Maranhão, Brasil, 2000-2019: estudio ecológico / Female homicides in the state of Maranhão, Brazil, 2000-2019: an ecological study

Objetivo: Analisar o perfil e tendência temporal dos homicídios femininos no Maranhão, Brasil, em 2000-2019. Métodos: Estudo ecológico, com dados do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade. Foram avaliados o perfil dos óbitos, tendência das taxas de mortalidade (método joinpoint) e correlação com indicadores socioeconômicos e de saúde (correlação de Pearson). Resultados: Foram notificados 1.915 homicídios femininos, predominando a idade de 20-29 anos (29,9%), solteiras (62,0%), 4-7 anos de estudo (29,7%), raça/cor da pele parda (71,3%), no domicílio (31,9%), por arma de fogo (41,1%). A tendência das taxas de mortalidade foi crescente (VPA = +8,21; IC95% 5,18;10,28). Observou-se correlação negativa dos homicídios com renda per capita (p-valor = 0,031), e positiva com proporção de famílias chefiadas por mulheres (p-valor = 0,001) e taxa de mortalidade masculina por agressão (p-valor = 0,001). Conclusão: Houve crescimento dos homicídios femininos, relacionados com violência estrutural na sociedade, pobreza e mulheres com maior autoridade familiar.

Objetivo: Analizar el perfil y la tendencia temporal de los homicidios de mujeres en Maranhão entre 2000-2019. Métodos: Estudio ecológico, con datos del Sistema de Información de Mortalidad. Se evaluó el perfil de muertes, la tendencia de las tasas de mortalidad (método joinpoint) y la correlación con indicadores socioeconómicos y de salud (correlación de Pearson). Resultados: Ocurrieron 1.915 homicidios de mujeres, con predominio entre los 20-29 años (29,9%), solteras (62,0%), con 4-7 años de estudio (29,7%), raza/color de piel parda (71,3%), en casa (31,9%) y por arma de fuego (41,1%). La tendencia de las tasas de mortalidad fue creciente (VPA = +8,21; IC95% 5,18;10,28). Hubo correlación negativa entre homicidios e ingreso per capita (p-valor = 0,031) y correlación positiva con proporción de familias encabezadas por mujeres (p-valor = 0,001) y tasa de mortalidad masculina por agresión (p-valor = 0,001). Conclusión: Hubo aumento de los homicidios de mujeres, relacionado con violencia estructural en la sociedad, pobreza y mujeres con mayor autoridad familiar.

Objective: To analyze the profile and temporal trends of female homicides in Maranhão, Brazil, between 2000 and 2019. Methods: This was an ecological study using data from the Mortality Information System. The profile of the deaths, mortality rate trends (joinpoint method) and correlation with socioeconomic and health indicators (Pearson correlation) were evaluated. Results: 1,915 female homicides were reported, with predominance among those between 20-29 years old (29.9%), single (62.0%), with 4-7 years schooling (29.7%), mixed race (71.3%), homicides at home (31.9%) and by firearms (41.1%). The mortality rate showed a rising trend (APC = +8.21; 95%CI 5.18;10.28). There was negative correlation between homicides and per capita income (p-value = 0.031) and positive correlation with the proportion of families headed by women (p-value = 0.001) and with the rate of male mortality due to assault (p-value = 0.001). Conclusion: There was an increase in female homicides, related to structural violence in society, poverty and women with greater family authority.

Sexual Function and Associated Factors in Postmenopausal Women.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the sexual function and associated factors in postmenopausal women. METHODS: This a descriptive, cross-sectional study with 380 women aged 40 to 65 years, users of public health services in 2019. Questionnaires were applied on demographic characteristics, on climacteric symptoms (menopause rating scale) and on sexual function (sexual quotient, female version). Bivariate and multiple analyses by logistic regression were performed, with adjusted odds ratios (ORad) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs). RESULTS: More than half (243/64%) of the participating women were at risk of sexual dysfunction, with lower scores in the domains of sexual desire and interest, comfort, orgasm, and satisfaction. Women with a partner (ORad 2.07; 95%CI 1.03-4.17) and those who reported sleep problems (ORad 2.72; 95%CI 1.77-4.19), depressed mood (ORad 2.03; 95%CI 1.32-3.10), sexual complaints (ORad 8.16; 95%CI 5.06-13.15), and vaginal dryness (ORad 3.44; 95%CI 2.22-5.32) showed greater chance of sexual dysfunction. CONCLUSION: There was a high prevalence of sexual dysfunction, with the influence of conjugality and climacteric symptoms on sexual function.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a função sexual e fatores associados em mulheres na pós-menopausa. MéTODOS: Este é um estudo descritivo, transversal, com 380 mulheres de 40 a 65 anos, usuárias de serviços de saúde públicos em 2019. Foram aplicados questionários sobre características demográficas, sobre sintomas climatéricos (menopause rating scale) e sobre a função sexual (Quociente Sexual, versão feminina). Análises bivariada e múltipla por regressão logística foram realizadas, com cálculo de odds ratio ajustado (ORaj) e intervalos de confiança de 95% (ICs95%). RESULTADOS: Mais da metade (243/64%) das mulheres participantes no estudo apresentou risco de disfunção sexual, com escores mais baixos dos domínios desejo e interesse sexual, conforto, orgasmo e satisfação. Mulheres com companheiro (ORaj 2,07; IC95% 1,03­4,17) e aquelas que relataram problemas de sono (ORaj 2,72; IC95% 1,77­4,19), ânimo depressivo (ORaj 2,03; IC95% 1,32­3,10), queixas sexuais (ORaj 8,16; IC95% 5,06­13,15) e ressecamento vaginal (ORaj 3,44; IC95% 2,22­5,32) apresentaram maior chance de disfunção sexual. CONCLUSãO: Houve prevalência elevada de disfunção sexual, com influência da conjugalidade e dos sintomas climatéricos sobre a função sexual.

Sexual Function and Associated Factors in Postmenopausal Women / Função sexual e fatores associados em mulheres na pós-menopausa

Abstract Objective To assess the sexual function and associated factors in postmenopausal women. Methods This a descriptive, cross-sectional study with 380 women aged 40 to 65 years, users of public health services in 2019. Questionnaires were applied on demographic characteristics, on climacteric symptoms (menopause rating scale) and on sexual function (sexual quotient, female version). Bivariate andmultiple analyses by logistic regression were performed, with adjusted odds ratios (ORad) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs). Results More than half (243/64%) of the participating women were at risk of sexual dysfunction, with lower scores in the domains of sexual desire and interest, comfort, orgasm, and satisfaction. Women with a partner (ORad 2.07; 95%CI 1.03-4.17) and those who reported sleep problems (ORad 2.72; 95%CI 1.77-4.19), depressed mood (ORad 2.03; 95%CI 1.32-3.10), sexual complaints (ORad 8.16; 95%CI 5.06-13.15), and vaginal dryness (ORad 3.44; 95%CI 2.22-5.32) showed greater chance of sexual dysfunction. Conclusion There was a high prevalence of sexual dysfunction, with the influence of conjugality and climacteric symptoms on sexual function.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a função sexual e fatores associados em mulheres na pósmenopausa. Métodos Este é umestudo descritivo, transversal, com380 mulheres de 40 a 65 anos, usuárias de serviços de saúde públicos em 2019. Foram aplicados questionários sobre características demográficas, sobre sintomas climatéricos (menopause rating scale) e sobre a função sexual (Quociente Sexual, versão feminina). Análises bivariada e múltipla por regressão logística foram realizadas, com cálculo de odds ratio ajustado (ORaj) e intervalos de confiança de 95% (ICs95%). Resultados Mais da metade (243/64%) das mulheres participantes no estudo apresentou risco de disfunção sexual, com escores mais baixos dos domínios desejo e interesse sexual, conforto, orgasmo e satisfação. Mulheres com companheiro (ORaj 2,07; IC95% 1,03-4,17) e aquelas que relataram problemas de sono (ORaj 2,72; IC95% 1,77-4,19), ânimo depressivo (ORaj 2,03; IC95% 1,32-3,10), queixas sexuais (ORaj 8,16; IC95% 5,06-13,15) e ressecamento vaginal (ORaj 3,44; IC95% 2,22-5,32) apresentaram maior chance de disfunção sexual. Conclusão Houve prevalência elevada de disfunção sexual, com influência da conjugalidade e dos sintomas climatéricos sobre a função sexual.

Mortalidade materna em Teresina, Piauí, Brasil: um estudo caso-controle / Maternal mortality in Teresina, Piauí, Brazil: a case-control study

Objetivo: Analisar os óbitos maternos ocorridos entre 2012 e 2016 em Teresina, Piauí, Brasil. Métodos: Realizou-se estudo caso-controle, cujos casos corresponderam aos óbitos maternos cujos controles foram constituídos por mulheres que tiveram parto no mesmo período, mas não morreram. Foram empregadas análises uni e multivariada. Resultados: A razão de mortalidade materna global foi de 65,7/100.000 nascidos vivos. Ocorreu predomínio das causas obstétricas diretas (69,4%), sendo aborto (25%) e doenças hipertensivas (19,4%) as mais frequentes. Mulheres com idade ≥ 30 anos, sem ocupação e aquelas que não realizaram pré-natal ou até três consultas apresentaram maior chance de óbito materno. No modelo multivariado, apenas o baixo número de consultas pré-natais (ORaj=4,33; IC95% 3,01-7,34) se mostrou associado à morte materna. Conclusões: Houve destaque para causas evitáveis de morte, com chance de óbito maior entre mulheres com atenção pré-natal inadequada. É necessário ter melhor qualificação do planejamento familiar, pré-natal e assistência ao parto e puerpério no município.

Objective: To analyze the maternal deaths that occurred between 2012 and 2016 in Teresina, Piauí, Brazil. Methods: We conducted a case-control study, whose cases corresponded to maternal deaths whose controls consisted of women who gave birth in the same period but did not die. Univariate and multivariate analyzes were employed. Results: The overall maternal mortality ratio was 65.7/ 100,000 live births. There was a predominance of direct obstetric causes (69.4%), with abortion (25%) and hypertensive diseases (19.4%) being the most frequent. Women aged ≥ 30 years, without occupation, and those who did not receive prenatal care or up to three consultations had a higher chance of maternal death. In the multivariate model, only the low number of prenatal consultations (ORad=4.33; 95%IC 3.01-7.34) was associated with maternal death. Conclusions: Avoidable causes of death were highlighted, with a higher chance of death among women with inadequate prenatal care. It is necessary to have better qualification of family planning, prenatal and childbirth and postpartum care in the municipality.

Violência física ou sexual contra a mulher no Piauí, 2009-2016 / Physical or sexual violence against women in Piauí, 2009-2016

Objetivo: descrever o perfil das notificações da violência física ou sexual contra mulheres de 10 a 49 anos no Piauí. Métodos: estudo descritivo e de série temporal, tendo como base os dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificações entre 2009 e 2016. Análises bivariada e múltipla por regressão logística foram realizadas, com cálculo de odds ratio ajustadas (ORaj) e intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%). Resultados: houve notificação de 7.783 casos de violência contra mulheres de 10 a 49 anos, sendo 62,3% de agressão física e 23,1% de abuso sexual. Ocorreu maior chance de violência física entre mulheres com 20 anos ou mais (ORaj=1,68;IC95% 1,49-2,07), casadas/ união estável (ORaj=2,18;IC95% 1,98-2,32), praticada pelo parceiro íntimo (ORaj=2,20;IC95% 1,44-2,97) e no ambiente doméstico (ORaj=2,22;IC95% 1,55-3,41). Por sua vez, houve maior chance de violência sexual entre adolescentes de 10 a 19 anos (ORaj=1,78;IC95% 1,44-2,19), solteiras (ORaj=1,94;IC95% 1,33-2,51), perpetrada por desconhecidos (ORaj=1,88;IC95% 1,30-2,84) e na via pública (ORaj=2,04;IC95% 1,66-2,49). Conclusão: o perfil da violência física é diferente daquele da violência sexual, sendo a agressão física mais frequente entre mulheres casadas, no âmbito privado e por parceiro íntimo, enquanto o abuso sexual foi mais comum entre solteiras, praticado em local público e por desconhecidos. Os dados reforçam que o conhecimento desses perfis possibilita intervenções intersetoriais para prevenção e redução de danos da violência contra a mulher.

Objective: to describe the profile of physical or sexual violence against women aged 10-49 in Piauí, Brazil. Methods: descriptive and time-series study based on data from the Notification of Injury Information System, 2009-2016. Bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed, with adjusted odds ratio calculation (ORaj) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Results: there were 7,783 reported cases of violence against women aged 10-49, 62.3% of whom being physical aggression and 23.1% being sexual abuse. There was greater chance of physical violence among women aged 20 or older (ORadj=1.68;95%CI 1.49-2.07), married/ stable union (ORadj=2.18;95%CI 1.98-2.32), perpetrated by intimate partner (ORadj=2.20;95%CI 1.44-2.97), and in the domestic environment (ORadj=2.22;95%CI 1.55-3.41). In turn, there was greater chance of sexual violence among adolescents aged 10-19 (ORadj=1.78;95%CI 1.44-2.19), single (ORadj=1.94;95%CI 1.33-2.51), committed by strangers (ORadj=1.88;95%CI 1.30-2.84), and in the public place (ORadj=2.04;95%CI 1.66-2.49). Conclusion: physical violence and sexual violence have different profiles, being physical aggression more frequent among married women, in private and by intimate partner, while sexual abuse was more common among single women, practiced in public place and by unknown persons. The data reinforce that the knowledge of these profiles can enable intersectoral interventions for preventing violence against women and reducing its harm.